[The FECYT seal of quality, a recognition and a stimulus for Archivos]. / El sello de calidad FECYT, un reconocimiento y un estímulo para Archivos.

Un año más, mediante esta nota editorial, damos cuenta de las estadísticas y los principales avances de nuestra revista. En cuanto a las estadísticas editoriales, que se detallan en los apartados posteriores, podemos afirmar que son las de una revista consolidada: flujo nutrido y constante de trabajos recibidos/publicados, tasas de aceptación y rechazo proporcionadas, tiempos de gestión razonables y diversidad en las autorías. El logro más destacable del 2023 fue superar con éxito el proceso de evaluación de la Octava edición de Evaluación de la calidad editorial y científica de las revistas científicas españolas, comúnmente conocido como 'Sello FECYT'….

El sello de calidad FECYT, un reconocimiento y un estímulo para Archivos / The FECYT seal of quality, a recognition and a stimulus for Archivos

Un año más, mediante esta nota editorial, damos cuenta de los principales avan-ces de nuestra revista y las estadísticas editoriales.En cuanto a las estadísticas editoriales, que se detallan en los apartados poste-riores, podemos afirmar que son las de una revista consolidada: flujo nutrido y constante de trabajos recibidos/publicados, tasas de aceptación y rechazo pro-porcionadas, tiempos de gestión razonables y diversidad en las autorías.El logro más destacable del 2023 fue superar con éxito el proceso de evaluación de la Octava edición de Evaluación de la calidad editorial y científica de las revistas científicas españolas, comúnmente conocido como ‘Sello FECYT’.El Sello de Calidad FECYT (Figura 1) identifica a aquellas publicaciones científicas que cumplen unos requisitos de profesionalización internacionalmente reconoci-dos. Gracias a este distintivo, muchas revistas científicas se han posicionado de manera importante en el ámbito nacional e internacional Este reconocimiento lo otorga la FECYT por un periodo de un año desde la resolu-ción definitiva, y la evaluación para su renovación se realizará de oficio por parte de la Fundación una vez finalizado dicho periodo (AU)

Dealing with the unknown: perceptions, fears and worries of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers.

OBJECTIVE: This study explores fears and worries regarding SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection and transmission to relatives, co-workers, and patients in relation to non-pharmacological preventive interventions among healthcare workers (including physicians, nurses, aides, cleaners, maintenance, and security staff) in a healthcare institution in Barcelona (Spain), during the first and second waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHOD: The research used an explorative qualitative approach. Six focus groups and ten individual interviews were conducted online and audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis and mixed coding. RESULTS: Forty professionals participated in the study. Four common themes emerged in all groups: challenges related to the lack of pandemic preparedness, concerns about personal protective equipment, unclear guidelines for case and contact tracing, and communication-related difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the key recommendations to improve non-pharmacological preventive interventions to reduce workers' fears and worries about the risk of infection and spreading the infection to others, including families. Above all, these should include ensuring the availability, and correct use of adequate personal protective equipment, improve guidelines on case and contact tracing, and setting effective communication channels for all workers of the organization. These recommendations must be reinforced in maintenance and security personnel, as well as night shift nurses and aides, to also reduce health inequalities.

Workplace aggression against healthcare workers in a Spanish healthcare institution between 2019 and 2021: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: Describe the incidence of first aggressions among healthcare workers (HCWs) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Spanish healthcare institution, according to workers' socio-occupational characteristics and analyze the impact of the pandemic on it. Methods: A cohort involving HCWs who worked in the institution for at least 1 week each year from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021. Adjusted relative risks (aRR) were estimated using generalized estimating equations and negative binomial models to calculate the differences in WPA between the different time periods. All analyses were stratified by gender. Results: Among women, the incidence was 6.8% (6.0; 7.8) during the pre-COVID-19 period, 6.0% (5.2; 7.0) during the COVID-19 baseline and 5.1% (4.3; 5.9) during the COVID-19 endline; and 4.6% (3.4; 6.1), 5.3% (4.1; 6.8) and 4.4% (3.5; 5.8), respectively, among men. Among men, the incidence of WPA was 4.6 (3.4; 6.1), 5.3 (4.1; 6.8), and 4.4% (3.5; 5.8), respectively. These incidences were significantly higher among male nurses and aides [11.1 (8.0; 15.4), 12.3 (8.9; 16.6), and 9.3% (6.5; 13.3) during each period] and psychiatric center workers [women: 14.7 (11.2; 19.0), 15.4 (11.8; 19.8), and 12.4% (9.2; 16.6); men: 12.3 (7.2; 20.0), 17.8 (11.6; 26.2), and 14.3% (8.8; 22.4)]. Among women, the risk of WPA was 23% lower in the post-COVID-19 period compared to before the pandemic [aRR = 0.77 (0.64; 0.93)], while the risk during the COVID-19 baseline was not significantly different [aRR = 0.89 (0.74; 1.06)]. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unexpected decrease in first-time WPA against HCWs. However, ~5% of HCWs experienced at least one incidence of aggression in the last follow-up year. Healthcare managers should continue to increase the prevention of aggression against HCWs, especially among vulnerable groups with a higher level of incidence.

Extreme temperatures and sickness absence in the Mediterranean province of Barcelona: An occupational health issue.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the association between daily temperature and sickness absence episodes in the Mediterranean province of Barcelona between 2012 and 2015, according to sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. Methods: Ecological study of a sample of salaried workers affiliated to the Spanish social security, resident in Barcelona province between 2012 and 2015. The association between daily mean temperature and risk of new sickness absence episodes was estimated with distributed lag non-linear models. The lag effect up to 1 week was considered. Analyses were repeated separately by sex, age groups, occupational category, economic sector and medical diagnosis groups of sickness absence. Results: The study included 42,744 salaried workers and 97,166 episodes of sickness absence. The risk of sickness absence increased significantly between 2 and 6 days after the cold day. For hot days there was no association with risk of sickness absence. Women, young, non-manual and workers in the service sector had a higher risk of sickness absence on cold days. The effect of cold on sickness absence was significant for respiratory system diseases (RR: 2.16; 95%CI: 1.68-2.79) and infectious diseases (RR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.04-1.66). Conclusion: Low temperatures increase the risk of having a new episode of sickness absence, especially due to respiratory and infectious diseases. Vulnerable groups were identified. These results suggest the importance of working in indoor and possibly poorly ventilated spaces in the spread of diseases that eventually lead to an episode of sickness absence. It is necessary to develop specific prevention plans for cold situations.

[Archivos, positioned on the road to impact]. / Archivos, posicionada en la senda del impacto.

Con este bagaje, comenzamos 2023, un año en el que nuestra revista cumple un cuarto de siglo llevando a cabo la misión para la que fue concebida, misión que los distintos comités editoriales que hemos participado consideramos un acierto: contribuir a la transferencia de conocimiento útil para avanzar en la mejora de la salud de las personas trabajadoras.

Archivos, posicionada en la senda del impacto / Archivos, positioned on the road to impact

Con este bagaje, comenzamos 2023, un año en el que nuestra revista cumple un cuarto de siglo llevando a cabo la misión para la que fue concebida, misión que los distintos comités editoriales que hemos participado consideramos un acierto: contribuir a la transferencia de conocimiento útil para avanzar en la mejora de la salud de las personas trabajadoras (AU)

Dealing with the unknown: perceptions, fears and worries of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers / Afrontar lo desconocido: percepciones, temores y preocupaciones del personal hospitalario ante la infección por SARS-CoV-2

Objective: This study explores fears and worries regarding SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection and transmission to relatives, co-workers, and patients in relation to non-pharmacological preventive interventions among healthcare workers (including physicians, nurses, aides, cleaners, maintenance, and security staff) in a healthcare institution in Barcelona (Spain), during the first and second waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Method: The research used an explorative qualitative approach. Six focus groups and ten individual interviews were conducted online and audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis and mixed coding. Results: Forty professionals participated in the study. Four common themes emerged in all groups: challenges related to the lack of pandemic preparedness, concerns about personal protective equipment, unclear guidelines for case and contact tracing, and communication-related difficulties. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the key recommendations to improve non-pharmacological preventive interventions to reduce workers’ fears and worries about the risk of infection and spreading the infection to others, including families. Above all, these should include ensuring the availability, and correct use of adequate personal protective equipment, improve guidelines on case and contact tracing, and setting effective communication channels for all workers of the organization. These recommendations must be reinforced in maintenance and security personnel, as well as night shift nurses and aides, to also reduce health inequalities.(AU)

Objetivo: Este estudio explora los temores y las preocupaciones respecto al riesgo de infección y transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 a familiares, compañeros de trabajo y pacientes en relación con las intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas entre el personal hospitalario (incluido personal de medicina, personal de enfermería y auxiliares, y personal de limpieza, mantenimiento y seguridad) de una institución sanitaria de Barcelona (España), durante la primera y segunda oleadas de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Método: La investigación utilizó un enfoque cualitativo exploratorio. Se realizaron seis grupos focales y diez entrevistas individuales en línea, que se grabaron en audio, se transcribieron literalmente y se analizaron mediante análisis temático y codificación mixta. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 40 profesionales. En todos los grupos surgieron cuatro temas comunes: retos relacionados con la falta de preparación ante una pandemia, preocupaciones sobre el equipo de protección personal, directrices poco claras para el rastreo de casos y contactos, y dificultades relacionadas con la comunicación. Conclusiones: Este estudio hace hincapié en las recomendaciones clave para mejorar las intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas con el fin de reducir los temores y las preocupaciones de los trabajadores sobre el riesgo de infección y de contagio a otras personas, incluidas las familias. Por encima de todo, estas deben incluir garantizar la disponibilidad y el uso correcto de equipos de protección individual adecuados, mejorar las directrices sobre el rastreo de casos y contactos, y establecer canales de comunicación eficaces para todos los trabajadores de la organización. Estas recomendaciones deben reforzarse en el personal de mantenimiento y seguridad, así como en el personal de enfermería y auxiliares del turno de noche, para reducir también las desigualdades sanitarias.(AU)

¿Cómo afectan las distintas dimensiones de la precariedad laboral a la salud mental? / How do the different dimensions of precarious employment affect mental health?

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la precariedad laboral, medida por dimensiones y como índice multidimensional, y la salud mental de los hombres y mujeres asalariados/as en el País Vasco. Método: Se utilizó una submuestra (n = 3345) de la Encuesta de Salud de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca de 2018 para calcular la prevalencia estandarizada de mala salud mental según el grado de precariedad laboral, medida como escala compuesta y por cada una de sus dimensiones, y realizar modelos de regresión de Poisson robusto para analizar la asociación entre la precariedad laboral, también compuesta y por dimensiones, y la salud mental de la población asalariada. Resultados: La precariedad laboral se asocia significativamente con mala salud mental en hombres (razón de prevalencia [RP]: 3,51; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2,05-6,01) y en mujeres (RP: 3,42; IC95%: 2,35-4,97). Asimismo, algunas de sus dimensiones constitutivas, como el nivel salarial en ambos sexos (RP: 2,58, IC95%: 1,65-4,03, y RP: 2,29, IC95%: 1,58-3,32, respectivamente) o la vulnerabilidad entre las mujeres (RP: 2,55; IC95%: 1,80-3,61), también parecen relacionarse de manera significativa e independiente con un peor estado de salud mental. Conclusiones: Es necesario el abordaje de la precariedad laboral desde una perspectiva multidimensional, así como conocer la importancia relativa de cada una de las dimensiones que la componen, tanto para la investigación de sus efectos en la salud como para las intervenciones políticas destinadas a luchar contra este fenómeno. (AU)

Objective: To analyse the relationship between precarious employment, measured by dimensions and as a multidimensional index, on the mental health of salaried men and women in the Basque Country (Spain). Method: A subsample (n = 3345) of the 2018 Basque Autonomous Community Health Survey was used to calculate the standardised prevalence of poor mental health according to the degree of precarious employment, measured as a composite scale and by each of its dimensions, and to perform robust Poisson regression models to analyse the association between precarious employment, also composite and by dimensions, and the mental health of the salaried population. Results: Precarious employment is significantly associated with poor mental health among men (prevalence ratio [PR]: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.05–6.01) and women (PR: 3.42; 95%CI: 2.35–4.97). Additionally, some of its constituent dimensions, such as wage level among both sexes (PR: 2.58, 95%CI: 1.65–4.03, and PR: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.58–3.32) or vulnerability among women (PR: 2.55; 95%CI: 1.80–3.61), also appear to be significantly and independently related to poorer mental health status. Conclusions: It is necessary to approach precarious employment from a multidimensional perspective, and to know the relative importance of each of its dimensions, both for research into its effects on health and for policy interventions directed at combating this phenomenon. (AU)

[How do the different dimensions of precarious employment affect mental health?] / ¿Cómo afectan las distintas dimensiones de la precariedad laboral a la salud mental?

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between precarious employment, measured by dimensions and as a multidimensional index, on the mental health of salaried men and women in the Basque Country (Spain). METHOD: A subsample (n=3345) of the 2018 Basque Autonomous Community Health Survey was used to calculate the standardised prevalence of poor mental health according to the degree of precarious employment, measured as a composite scale and by each of its dimensions, and to perform robust Poisson regression models to analyse the association between precarious employment, also composite and by dimensions, and the mental health of the salaried population. RESULTS: Precarious employment is significantly associated with poor mental health among men (prevalence ratio [PR]: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.05-6.01) and women (PR: 3.42; 95%CI: 2.35-4.97). Additionally, some of its constituent dimensions, such as wage level among both sexes (PR: 2.58, 95%CI: 1.65-4.03, and PR: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.58-3.32) or vulnerability among women (PR: 2.55; 95%CI: 1.80-3.61), also appear to be significantly and independently related to poorer mental health status. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to approach precarious employment from a multidimensional perspective, and to know the relative importance of each of its dimensions, both for research into its effects on health and for policy interventions directed at combating this phenomenon.

Non-Pharmacological Preventive Measures Had an Impact on COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers before the Vaccination Effect: A Cohort Study.

Healthcare workers have been and still are at the forefront of COVID-19 patient care. Their infection had direct implications and caused important challenges for healthcare performance. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of non-pharmacological preventive measures against COVID-19 among healthcare workers. This study is based on a dynamic cohort of healthcare workers (n = 5543) who had been hired by a Spanish hospital for at least one week during 2020. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the incidence rate and the rate ratio (RR) between the two waves (defined from 15 March to 21 June and from 22 June to 31 December), considering natural immunity during the first wave and contextual variables. All models were stratified by socio-occupational variables. The average COVID-19 incidence rate per 1000 worker-days showed a significant reduction between the two waves, dropping from 0.82 (CI95%: 0.73-0.91) to 0.39 (0.35-0.44). The adjusted RR was 0.54 (0.48-0.87) when natural immunity was acquired during the first wave, and contextual variables were considered. The significant reduction of the COVID-19 incidence rate could be explained mainly by improvement in the non-pharmacological preventive interventions. It is needed to identify which measures were more effective. Young workers and those with a replacement contract were identified as vulnerable groups that need greater preventive efforts. Future preparedness plans would benefit from these results.

Occupational health, frontline workers and COVID-19 lockdown: new gender-related inequalities?

INTRODUCTION: The abrupt onset of COVID-19, with its rapid spread, has had brutal consequences in all areas of society, including the workplace. In this paper, we report the working conditions, health, and tranquilisers and opioid analgesics use of workers during the first months of the ensuing pandemic, according to whether they were frontline workers or not and also according to sex. METHODS: Our analysis is based on cross-sectional survey data (collected during April and May 2020) from the wage-earning population in Spain (n=15 070). We estimate prevalences, adjusted prevalence differences and adjusted prevalence ratios by sex and according to whether the worker is a frontline worker or not. RESULTS: Employment and working conditions, exposure to psychosocial risks, as well as health status and the consumption of tranquilisers and opioid analgesics all showed sex and sectoral (frontline vs non-frontline) inequalities, which placed essential women workers in a particularly vulnerable position. Moreover, the consumption of tranquilisers and opioid analgesics increased during the pandemic and health worsened significantly among frontline women workers. CONCLUSIONS: The exceptional situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to revalue essential sectors and to dignify such employment and working conditions, especially among women. There is an urgent need to improve working conditions and reduce occupational risk, particularly among frontline workers. In addition, this study highlights the public health problem posed by tranquilisers and opioid analgesics consumption, especially among frontline women.

Informal employment and poor self-perceived health in Latin America and the Caribbean: a gender-based comparison between countries and welfare states in a pooled analysis of 176,786 workers.

BACKGROUND: More than half of the working population in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries is engaged in informal employment. The few previous studies indicate that this employment condition could have negative consequences for workers' health. The aim of the present study was to estimate the association between self-perceived health and informality in LAC countries according to gender and welfare state type. METHODS: The cross-sectional study based on different working conditions and health national surveys was carried out in 13 LAC countries between 2012 and 2018. A sample of 176,786 workers was selected from these surveys. The association between health and informality was estimated using Poisson regression. Finally, a random effects meta-analysis was carried out by country. All results were stratified by sex and type of welfare state (statalist or familialist). RESULTS: Informal workers reported significantly worse health than formal workers, for both women (1.28 [95% CI 1.14-1.43]) and men (1.30 [1.12-1.50]). This difference was broader and more significant in countries with statalist welfare state regimes, among both women (1.40 [1.22-1.60]) and men (1.51 [1.30-1.74]), than in familialist regime countries (1.19 [1.03-1.38] and 1.24 [1.03-1.49], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence of the association between informal employment and worker health. Welfare states appear to have a modifying effect on this association. The transition from the informal to the formal labour market in LAC is essential to improving the health of the population.

Which are the intermediate determinants of gender inequalities in mental health?: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Gender segmentation in the labour market and women's greater burden of domestic work and caregiving increase their risk of developing mental health problems, especially in vulnerable social groups. AIMS: The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the role of working and labour conditions, domestic work and caregiving and social support in gender inequalities in mental health, as well as to assess whether studies have taken an intersectional approach, describing its role in gender inequalities in mental health. METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, WoS and PsycInfo, in Spanish and English, conducted in the European Economic Area in populations aged between 25 and 65 years. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, focused on sexual identity or factors based on biological differences, or considered use of medical services, medicalisation or suicide as the outcome variable. RESULTS: A total of 30 articles were included, of which only four concerned studies in which intersectional analysis had been performed. The mental health of men was seen to be more influenced by employment conditions and that of women by working conditions, the double presence and civil status. Further, depending on the size of the household (women) and unemployment (men), people in lower social classes had poorer mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be useful for designing policies focused on reducing gender inequalities in mental health. Additionally, they show the need for taking an intersectional perspective.

SARS-CoV-2 transmission in students of public schools of Catalonia (Spain) after a month of reopening.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 transmission within schools and its contribution to community transmission are still a matter of debate. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study in all public schools in Catalonia was conducted using publicly available data assessing the association between the number of reported SARS-CoV-2 cases among students and staff in weeks 1-2 (Sept 14-27th, 2020) of the academic year with school SARS-CoV-2 incidence among students in weeks 4-5. A multilevel Poisson regression model adjusted for the community incidence in the corresponding basic health area (BHA) and the type of school (primary or secondary), with random effects at the sanitary region and BHA levels, was performed. RESULTS: A total of 2184 public schools opened on September 14th with 778,715 students. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between the total number of SARS-CoV-2 cases in a centre in weeks 1-2 and the SARS-CoV-2 school incidence among students in weeks 4-5 (Risk Ratio (RR) 1.074, 95% CI 1.044-1.105, p-value <0.001). The adjusted BHA incidence in the first two weeks was associated with school incidence in weeks 4-5 (RR 1.002, 95% CI 1.002-1.003, p-value <0.001). Secondary schools showed an increased incidence in weeks 4 and 5 (RR primary vs secondary 1.709 95% CI 1.599-1.897, p-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Safety measures adopted by schools were not enough to stop related-to-school transmission in students and could be improved. The safest way to keep schools open is to reduce community transmission down to a minimum.

Persistent inequality: evolution of psychosocial exposures at work among the salaried population in Spain between 2005 and 2016.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of poor mental health and of exposure to psychosocial risks among the working population in Spain in 2005, 2010 and 2016; to analyse the associations between workplace psychosocial exposures and mental health problems according to gender and occupation. METHODS: Three representative samples of the Spanish working population were analysed, in 2005 (n = 7,023), 2010 (n = 4,979), and 2016 (n = 1,807). Prevalence ratios between mental health and the five dimensions - job demands, job control, social support, employment insecurity and insecurity over working conditions-were estimated using multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions. All the analyses were separated by gender and occupation. RESULTS: In 2016, there were improvements in job control, job demands and social support, and deteriorations in employment insecurity and insecurity over working conditions. The risk of poor mental health among manual workers rose if they were exposed to high demands, low social support and high employment insecurity; among non-manual workers, the risk increased if they were exposed to high demands, low control, low social support and high insecurity over working conditions. There were no differences according to gender. CONCLUSION: The new findings shed light on the evolution of the working conditions and health of the wage-earning population in Spain over the last 11 years. The stratification by gender and occupational group is relevant, since it allows a detailed analysis of the social disparities in the associations between psychosocial risks and mental health. The most vulnerable groups can be identified and preventive measures developed at source.

The impact of precarious jobs on mental health: a gender-sensitive literature review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyse the extent to which research and knowledge production on a key occupational health issue-the impact of precarious employment on health-incorporates, and is sensitive to, a gender perspective. METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out to identify studies that analysed the relationship between precarious employment and mental health in the period January 2010-May 2018 through. A minimum of two independent reviewers assessed each article for quality and eligibility. A checklist was used to determine whether the articles included in the review incorporated a gender perspective. RESULTS: The search retrieved 1522 papers, of which 54 (corresponding to 53 studies) met the inclusion criteria. Of these 54 papers, 22 (40.7%) stratified the analyses by sex. Only 5.4% of the total of articles both stratified by sex and considered variables of household composition and marital status, while only 33.3% incorporated an intersectional perspective. None considered the distribution of domestic work and only a quarter (25.9%) approached the study and interpreted the results in terms of gender. CONCLUSION: Too few studies researching paid work and health include a gender perspective. This omission necessarily implies a biased interpretation of the reality of precarious employment and its impact on health.

Las encuestas online y la falsa ilusión de la n grande. A propósito de una encuesta sobre la eutanasia en profesionales médicos / Online surveys and the false illusion of the large n. On a survey on euthanasia among medical practitioners

El uso de estudios basados en encuestas online se ha extendido de manera notable. A pesar de tener tasas de respuesta especialmente pequeñas, permiten obtener con facilidad un gran tamaño de muestra. Sin embargo, esta estrategia puede conllevar un sesgo de selección que comprometa notablemente los resultados. Se comparan los resultados de dos encuestas sobre la regulación de la eutanasia y el suicidio asistido, una online con muestra autoseleccionada y la otra con muestreo aleatorio, realizadas en 2018 entre los/las colegiados/as del Colegio de Médicos de Bizkaia. Las tasas de respuesta fueron del 10,4% (encuesta online) y del 87,8% (encuesta aleatoria). No se encontraron diferencias en las características sociodemográficas, aunque sí en las de opinión, de manera que el porcentaje de personas contrarias a la regulación de la eutanasia estaba sobrestimado. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que dicha estrategia de muestreo genera sesgos en los resultados, alguno de ellos difícilmente detectable y reparable

The use of studies based on online surveys has expanded significantly. Despite having particularly small response rates, they allow a large sample size to be easily obtained. However, this strategy may entail a selection bias that significantly compromises the results. The results of two surveys on the regulation of euthanasia and assisted suicide are compared. One is an online survey with a self-selected sample and the other a survey with random sampling, conducted in 2018 among the members of the Medical Association of Bizkaia. The response rates were 10.4% (online survey) and 87.8% (random survey). No differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics, although there were differences in the opinion variables, so that the percentage of people who opposed euthanasia regulation was overestimated. The results of this study show that this sampling strategy generates biases in the results, some of which are difficult both to detect and to repair

Employment precariousness and mental health, understanding a complex reality: a systematic review.

Precarious employment has expanded during the last decades, but there is no full consensus on its definition, and its impact on mental health is not completely understood. The relevance of several micro- and macro-level variables in the association between precarious employment and mental health has not been fully addressed. This review has 2 aims: to identify scientific evidence on the relationship between various dimensions of precarious employment and mental health, and to synthesize the inclusion of a gender-sensitive perspective, context variables, workers' household variables, and the discussion of causal mechanisms underlying the association. The literature was searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsycINFO including articles dated 2010-May 2018. A minimum of 2 independent reviewers assessed each article regarding quality and eligibility criteria. The search retrieved 1522 papers, of which 54 (corresponding to 53 studies) met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies analyzing job insecurity, temporariness and multidimensional approaches reported a significant association. Nevertheless, results for working time arrangements and downsizing are inconclusive. Around half of the studies included sex-stratified analyses and formulated contradictory conclusions. Overall, 7 studies considered workers' household situation and only 3 delivered significant results, and 16 described some of the potential pathways. There is evidence of an association between various precarious employment approaches and mental health problems. Further research (preferably longitudinal) should aim to discuss theoretical models explaining the pathways between precarious employment and mental health, including a gender-sensitive perspective, and integrating several levels of individual and contextual variables. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(5):569-98.

[Online surveys and the false illusion of the large n. On a survey on euthanasia among medical practitioners]. / Las encuestas online y la falsa ilusión de la n grande. A propósito de una encuesta sobre la eutanasia en profesionales médicos.

The use of studies based on online surveys has expanded significantly. Despite having particularly small response rates, they allow a large sample size to be easily obtained. However, this strategy may entail a selection bias that significantly compromises the results. The results of two surveys on the regulation of euthanasia and assisted suicide are compared. One is an online survey with a self-selected sample and the other a survey with random sampling, conducted in 2018 among the members of the Medical Association of Bizkaia. The response rates were 10.4% (online survey) and 87.8% (random survey). No differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics, although there were differences in the opinion variables, so that the percentage of people who opposed euthanasia regulation was overestimated. The results of this study show that this sampling strategy generates biases in the results, some of which are difficult both to detect and to repair.